In Situ Gel Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems: Chemical Insights and Application in Diabetes
نویسندگان
1 Department of General Medicine, Vels Medical College and Hospital, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Manjankaranai, Thiruvallur - 601 102, India
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, A Constituent College of Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Maisammaguda, Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100, India
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad 244001 (U.P), India
4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117, India
5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117, India
6 Department of Analytical Research and Development, Cambrex, Charles City, Iowa- 50616, USA
7 Department of Pharmaceutics, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
8 KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
doi
10.48309/jcr.2026.549617.1507چکیده
Stimuli-responsive in situ gel-based smart drug delivery systems represent an innovative approach to diabetes therapy that addresses the limitations of conventional formulations, such as poor bioavailability, short drug half-life, and frequent dosing. These systems undergo sol-to-gel transitions in response to physiological stimuli, including pH, temperature, ions, and enzymatic activity, enabling controlled and prolonged drug release. Synthetic polymers such as poloxamers, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) allow the precise modulation of gelation behavior, stability, and physicochemical properties. Due to their biocompatibility and stimuli-responsiveness, in situ gels have been explored via oral, nasal, ocular, injectable, and transdermal routes for the delivery of insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and peptide-based drugs. Recent advances have integrated nanoparticles and glucose-sensitive components for feedback-regulated insulin release, closely mimicking pancreatic β-cell function, and improving therapeutic precision. Despite challenges, such as limited mechanical strength, gelation variability, and regulatory constraints, continued progress in polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, and biomaterial design is expected to overcome these barriers. Collectively, the in-situ gel-based delivery systems offer a promising, patient-friendly, and physiologically adaptive platform for next-generation diabetes management.
