Advances in Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: From Graphene to Quantum Dots
نویسندگان
1 Department of Regulatory Affairs, Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., 2 Esterbrook Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, SBV Chennai, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Pondicherry 607402, India
3 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad U.P, 244001, India
4 KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
5 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
6 Department of Regulatory Affairs, Ricon Pharma LLC, 100 Ford Rd, Suite #9, Denville, NJ 07834, USA
7 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai- 600117, India
8 Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Ariyur, Puducherry, India
doi
10.48309/jcr.2026.565020.1553چکیده
Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative class of materials, owing to their unique structural, electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Since the discovery of two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, the field has rapidly expanded to include zero-dimensional carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and hybrid composites. This review collates recent advances in carbon-based nanomaterials, tracing the evolution of graphene from nanotubes to quantum dots, and examines their classification, structure–property relationships, synthesis routes, characterization modalities, and application landscapes. A historical overview of carbon allotropes and nanomaterials is initially presented, and the motivation and scope of this comprehensive treatment is provided. Following the classification of materials into 0D (fullerenes, CQDs/GQDs), 1D (CNTs), 2D (graphene, graphene oxide, derivatives), and hybrid composites, the exploration focuses on how their atomic bonding (sp², sp³), defects, doping, edge effects, and quantum confinement determine their performance. Synthesis strategies such as exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and top-down/bottom-up approaches for quantum dots have been described. Then, characterization techniques are detailed, including TEM, SEM, AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, UV‑Vis, XPS, FTIR, and advanced time‑resolved methods. Major applications are examined in energy storage and conversion, sensing, biomedicine, catalysis, the environment, and optoelectronics. Finally, challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, stability, toxicity, and integration into devices are critically discussed and future directions for hybrid systems, computational design, and multifunctional platforms are outlined. Through this review, major advances and key takeaways are synthesized, offering an outlook on the next five to ten years of carbon‑based nanomaterial research and implementation.
