فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

The main goal of study was to comparatively examine toxic leadership, Anti Citizenship Behavior, aggression, and job stress among primary school principals in Iran and Iraq. Employing a causal-comparative research design, the statistical population comprised primary school principals from   Khorramabad city,   Lorestan province , Iran   and Nasiriyah city,   Dhi Qar province , Iraq   A proportional stratified random sampling method,   was used to select a sample size of 115 principals (56 Iranian and 59 Iraqi) according to Krejcie and Morgan's table. Data were collected using four standardized questionnaires, all exhibiting Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.70. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by educational sciences experts. Data analysis was conducted using an independent samples t-test via SPSS software. The findings revealed that the mean scores for toxic leadership among Iranian and Iraqi primary school principals were 1.93 and 2.89; for aggression, 1.86 and 3.05; for Anti Citizenship Behavior, 1.76 and 2.79; and for job stress, 2.55 and 2.73, respectively. Consequently, a significant difference was observed between   school principals of Iran and Iraq across all the investigated variables while Iranian principals demonstrating   more favorable status. Based on these findings, it is recommended that stakeholders in the Iraqi educational management system prioritize the implementation of professional development programs, encourage principals to foster constructive leadership, and cultivate supportive work environments within schools to mitigate detrimental managerial behaviors.