فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

BiVO 4 and Ag-modified BiVO 4 photocatalysts were prepared using Citrus sinensis peel extract through a microwave-assisted method. The effects of extract volume, microwave irradiation time, calcination temperature, and Bi:V precursor ratio were examined to track their influence on the structural and morphological properties of BiVO 4 . FT-IR confirmed the presence of phytochemical functional groups, and XRD showed monoclinic scheelite BiVO 4 with minor tetragonal zircon contributions across the synthesis conditions. SEM-EDX and TEM analyses revealed variations in particle dispersion, and Ag deposition produced small Ag nanoparticles (approximately 7 nm) on the BiVO 4 surface. UV–Vis, BET, and XPS measurements indicated changes in optical absorption, surface area, and surface oxygen environments after Ag addition. Photocatalytic evaluation was carried out using 10 ppm Congo Red at pH 3 with 30 mg catalyst under visible-light irradiation for 120 min. Under these conditions, the sample containing 3 wt% Ag showed the highest degradation efficiency and followed pseudo–first-order kinetics, while maintaining its activity over repeated cycles. These results suggest that citrus peel extract can be used as a biogenic medium for microwave synthesis and that controlled Ag loading provides a route to adjust the photocatalytic response of BiVO 4 .