فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pollination in tropical agricultural systems remains less documented than in temperate crops, limiting the development of environmentally safe and locally adapted pollination management. The study objectives were to assess pollinator diversity, environmental drivers, temporal dynamics, and service contribution in tropical highland shallot (Allium cepa variety Aggregatum) across three flowering seasons in Batu, East Java, Indonesia. This will be with the goal of identifying ecological conditions that support sustainable production and reduced chemical dependence.METHODS: Sampling was replicated across 8 permanent plots, 7 consecutive days per flowering season, 3 flowering seasons, and 6 standardized daily time windows, generating 1,008 possible observation units. Of these, 948 observation events recorded flower visitors and were retained for analysis. A total of 1,078 flower visitor records were documented. These records covered 12 species, 8 families, and 3 orders. Community composition and temporal visitation patterns were analyzed. Diversity indices were also calculated. Correlations between pollinator abundance and microclimatic variables were tested. Nonparametric statistics and correlation methods were used. FINDINGS: Diptera dominated the assemblage numerically (58.5 percent). Hymenoptera followed at 40.3 percent. This pattern differs from bee-dominated communities in temperate Allium systems. It indicates a distinct community structure. Relative humidity was the only environmental variable consistently and positively associated with core pollinator abundance (Pearson r = +0.494, Probability < 0.0001), whereas temperature and wind speed were not significant within the observed range. Visitation was concentrated in the morning, with 68.1 percent of core pollinator activity occurring between 06:00 and 12:00. Seasonal diversity increased over time, and five core species accounted for most pollination activity, with three species contributing 77.2 percent of total service.CONCLUSION: Tropical highland shallot pollination is influenced more by moisture than by temperature. This highlights the need for ecofriendly practices. These include proper irrigation scheduling, habitat conservation, and reduced pesticide use during peak pollinator activity. These findings provide a practical ecological basis for sustainable pollination management in tropical highland agriculture and support biodiversity-based strategies for environmentally resilient crop production.