Development of eco-friendly flame-retardant textile materials: Global trends, bio-based flame retardants, and advanced modification technologies
نویسندگان
1 Department of Medical And Biological Chemistry, Termez branch of Tashkent State Medical Universaity. Termez, P.O. Box. 190111, Uzbekistan.
2 Department of Medical And Biological Chemistry, Termez branch of Tashkent Medical Universaity. Termez, P.O. Box. 190111, Uzbekistan.
3 Department of Medical And Biological Chemistry, Termez branch of Tashkent State Medical Universaity. Termez, P.O. Box. 190111, Uzbekistan.
4 Department of Medical And Biological Chemistry, Termez branch of Tashkent State Medical Universaity. Termez, P.O. Box. 190111, Uzbekistan.
5 Faculty of Chemistry, Termez State University, Termez, P. O. Box. 190100, Uzbekistan.
6 Tashkent Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Technology. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
7 Faculty of Chemistry, Termez State University, Termez, P. O. Box. 190100, Uzbekistan.
8 Bukhara State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
9 Department of Social and Humanities, Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies, Termez, 190111, Uzbekistan.
doi
10.22034/crl.2026.569449.1763چکیده
Flame-retardant textile materials (FRTMs) are essential for mitigating fire hazards in protective clothing, technical textiles, and interior applications by inhibiting flame propagation, facilitating self-extinction, and reducing combustion rates. This comprehensive review analyzes contemporary global market dynamics, technological innovations, and future trajectories in FRTM development, with particular emphasis on sustainable and environmentally benign strategies. The global FRTM market surpassed USD 5.2 billion in 2024 and is forecasted to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6–7% through 2030, propelled by escalating international safety regulations (e.g., NFPA, EN ISO, ASTM), growing demand in high-risk sectors, and the imperative for eco-compatible manufacturing. A paradigm shift from halogenated flame retardants to phosphorus–nitrogen intumescent systems, mineral additives, and bio-derived retardants—sourced from biomacromolecules such as chitosan, lignin, starch, phytic acid, nucleic acids, and proteins—is critically evaluated. Advanced surface and bulk modification techniques, including covalent grafting, layer-by-layer assembly, sol-gel processing, plasma activation, and nanocomposite integration (e.g., graphene oxide, montmorillonite, SiO₂, TiO₂ nanoparticles), are discussed for their efficacy in enhancing thermal stability, mechanical integrity, laundering durability, and multifunctional performance (e.g., antimicrobial activity, UV resistance, hydrophobicity). Fire propagation mechanisms, retardant action modes (condensed- and gas-phase), and standardized evaluation protocols (LOI, TGA, cone calorimetry) are elucidated. Prospective directions underscore the integration of bio-based systems and intelligent textiles to align with ecological imperatives, regulatory compliance, and circular economy principles.
