فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

Tea waste biomass (TWB), a byproduct of global tea processing industries, represents a largely untapped lignocellulosic resource with promising applications in sustainable energy. This literature review critically examines the potential of TWB as a renewable feedstock for second-generation (2G) biofuels such as bioethanol and biogasoline. It analyzes the compositional characteristics of TWB and relevant conversion technologies (pretreatment, fermentation, pyrolysis) within the framework of integrated biorefineries. The study positions TWB valorization as a strategic approach within the circular bioeconomy, supporting the integration of biorefinery processes with conventional petroleum refining to reduce CO₂ emissions and advance the energy transition. The studies review compiles and analyze data on agricultural lignocellulosic biomass and (especially the TWB) compositional characteristics (e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, bioactive and non-bioactive compound), and relevant technologies including pretreatment, fermentation and pyrolysis processes etc. for biofuel production.