فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

Managing disruptions in reverse supply chains is critical with the growing demand for electric vehicles and lithium-ion battery recycling. Fires and other risks pose significant challenges, yet the impact of recovery policies remains underexplored. This study uses discrete event simulation to examine disruptions in closed-loop supply chains and evaluates three resilience strategies, including reconstruction, inventory capacity expansion, and backup suppliers. Applied to a case study in Iran, the analysis assesses profitability, responsiveness, and environmental sustainability under disruption scenarios. Findings show that while a backup supplier improves service levels, it increases sourcing costs and CO₂ emissions, leading to environmental trade-offs. The results highlight the complexities of recovery policies in disrupted supply chains and the need to consider economic and environmental factors when designing long-term resilience strategies.