فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles has introduced a new electric load on the grid, which differs from the traditional load profiles found in networks. Additionally, renewable energy sources significantly influence the generation patterns in these networks due to their inherent uncertainty and large fluctuations in generation. This paper introduces a multi-objective distribution system expansion model that takes into account investments in new equipment, including renewable energy sources, energy storage, and electric vehicle charging stations. The required charging for electric vehicles is determined based on their travel patterns throughout the day, considering each charge. Uncertainty in both the load and renewable resources is addressed by generating possible scenarios derived from their probability distribution curves. The final stochastic model aims to minimize the expected expansion costs of the system, including the present value of investments, maintenance, generation costs, losses, and unmet demand. The deterministic equivalent model, which incorporates a random-axis scenario model, is an integer optimization problem solved using a genetic algorithm. Numerical simulations were conducted on a 9-bus network as a small example, followed by analysis on the standard 30-bus network. The results indicate that the implementation of distributed generation sources improves losses and voltage conditions, often leading to a preference for developing distributed generation rather than expanding substations. The findings suggest that the growth of distributed generation has resulted in significant delays in substation expansion, offering an alternative that can achieve much better technical outcomes in place of substation expansion.