فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

In off-grid microgrids, the lack of connection to the national electricity grid presents a significant challenge for establishing stable and self-sustaining renewable energy systems. In such microgrids, especially those relying entirely on renewable sources, energy storage systems are not optional components but essential elements for ensuring stability, managing generation uncertainty, and improving overall efficiency. This paper presents a techno-economic optimization framework to determine the optimal combination of wind and solar power capacities, supported by lithium-ion battery storage, in an off-grid microgrid. The proposed model accounts for hourly variations in weather and load, as well as functional, technical, and land-use constraints. A linear programming approach is used, and the War Strategy Optimization (WSO) algorithm is applied to solve the problem. To assess its effectiveness, the results are compared with those obtained using the well-established Genetic Algorithm (GA), under identical simulation conditions. The framework also evaluates installation cost, system capacity, land usage, operational expenses, and key economic indicators such as Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Present Cost (PC). A sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the effects of demand and storage cost on system performance. According to the results, the optimal configuration includes 2200 kW of wind, 1125 kW of solar PV, and 6359 kWh of battery capacity. This setup yields a total present cost of €31.6 million and an LCOE of 1.5567 €/kWh. In comparison with GA, WSO achieves a lower optimal cost (23.7 M€ vs. 26.3 M€), reduced battery capacity (6359 kWh vs. 7325 kWh), and improved economic performance, although it requires more execution time (58 seconds vs. 30 seconds). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of WSO in optimizing off-grid renewable microgrids, offering a competitive alternative to conventional methods in both technical design and economic performance.