Nanomaterials as Multifunctional Antibacterial Agents: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance
نویسندگان
1 University of Baghdad, College of Education for Pure Science- Ibn Alhaitham, Department of Biology, Baghdad, Iraq
2 University of Baghdad, College of Education for Pure Science- Ibn Alhaitham, Department of Chemistry, Baghdad, Iraq
3 Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq
4 University of Al Maarif, College of Science, Department of Forensic Evidence, Al Anbar, Iraq
5 University of Baghdad, College of Education for Pure Science- Ibn Alhaitham, Department of Chemistry, Iraq- Baghdad
6 Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq
doi
10.22034/nmrj.2025.04.001چکیده
The development of antimicrobial resistance, often known as AMR, poses a huge threat to the health of people all over the world around the globe. It is possible that the current death rate may exceed 10 million per year by the year 2050. It is necessary to find new solutions since antibiotic resistance is increasing as a result of a number of causes, including biofilms, efflux mechanisms, and bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. Nanomaterials, and silver nanoparticles in particular, have emerged as powerful antibacterial agents with a variety of modes of action. These mechanisms include membrane permeabilization, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), directed cell targeting, and disintegration of biofilms. Some of the kinds of nanomaterials that are investigated in detail here include metal oxides, carbon-based structures, polymers, and hybrids. Additionally, the physicochemical properties that influence the antibacterial activity of these nanomaterials are also thoroughly investigated.Among other applications, it examines their potential for coordinated antibiotic delivery and their reactivity to external stimuli in the medical, dental, and orthopaedic domains. Toxicology, scalability, regulatory gaps, resistance risks, and safe clinical use of the medicine are all thoroughly examined, along with other translational issues. To make nanotechnology fulfill its potential in combating the AMR epidemic while simultaneously considering biosafety and environmental concerns, this paper compiles previous accomplishments to provide design principles and research goals.
