فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

Traditional monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) cells are fundamentally constrained by high optical losses, which are due, in part, to front-surface reflection (~30 in uncoated Si) and poor harnessing of the solar spectrum, in particular, visible range, that is weakly absorbed in silicon. In order to overcome this problem, we have reported a mask-free, eco-friendly, laser-based method to enhance light harvesting by coating plasmonic Ag@SiO 2 nanocomposite coating directly on commercial c-Si solar cells. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared through pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) with the use of a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm) in deionized water, avoiding the use of any chemical reducing agents or surfactants. This colloidal suspension was then deposited by placing onto the anti-reflective-coated surface of typical c-Si cells and sol-gel-derived SiO 2 encapsulated and annealed (0.5 J/cm 2, 5 pulses) to create a stable, adhesive nanocomposites layer. This structure takes advantage of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the 400-550 nm spectral range, spectrally matched to the AM1.5G solar spectrum peak irradiance, to quash reflectance and enhance near-field photon absorption in the silicon absorber. The plasmonically enhanced cells under normal test conditions (STC: 1000 W/m 2, AM1.5G, 25 C) had a power conversion efficiency of 20.2 which is a 16.3 factor increase over the baseline efficient of 17.4. This improvement was largely due to a very high increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc), and little effect on open-circuit voltage (VOC) or fill factor, which confirms that the improvement is not due to electrical but optical effects. More importantly, the technology was tested in real-world operational conditions in Wasit, Iraq - a location with a high solar irradiance (>5.5 kWh/m²/day average throughout the experiment), a high ambient temperature (2234o C), and frequent dust exposure. During sustained outdoor testing (30 days intermittent) (November-December 2025), the sustained energy yield performance was shown to improve with no performance or coating integrity decline. The fabrication process is entirely done at ambient pressure, and no toxic chemicals, high-vacuum apparatus or photolithographic masks are used, and can be used in the same environments as PV production lines, or low-infrastructure. This study is therefore an offer of a scalable, environmentally friendly, and locally customizable route to enhance solar energy transformation, especially in sun-saturated, resource- Scarce areas like Iraq, and in line with the efforts of the global community to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).The plasmonically enhanced cells under normal test conditions (STC: 1000 W/m 2, AM1.5G, 25 C) had a power conversion efficiency of 20.2 which is a 16.3 factor increase over the baseline efficient of 17.4. This improvement was largely due to a very high increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc), and little effect on open-circuit voltage (VOC) or fill factor, which confirms that the improvement is