فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

The preservation of clean water against toxic heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, remains a colossal global challenge. These contaminants pose severe risks to human health and cause irreversible damage to ecosystems. Plant stuff is a good solution, but to convert the simple wood thread into intelligent traps there must be a special shape with holes in it, which is called porosity. In order to create lightweight sponges out of solid fibers, intelligent designs, such as freeze-drying, salt templating, or chemical crosslinking, are used to open the inner structure and enable dirty water to infiltrate deep within the substance. Enhancing the porosity drastically increases the specific surface area, providing millions of chemical parking spots where heavy metal ions can get stuck and removed from the fluid almost instantly. Reviewing recent scientific progress confirms that combining these highly porous structures with specific chemical modifications creates a sustainable, low-cost, and reusable filter capable of solving the global water crisis effectively.