فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

Ultrasound (US) has evolved from a solely diagnostic tool into a multifaceted theranostics platform, proficient in both high-resolution imaging and tailored therapeutic intervention. Progress in acoustic physics, microbubble and nanobubble technology, and precision beam-forming has broadened its applications in cancer, neurology, cardiovascular diseases, and regenerative medicine. Notwithstanding these advancements, the translation into conventional clinical procedures is impeded by inadequate mapping of acoustic thresholds, variable safety factors, and insufficient integration with molecular and immunological targeting techniques, such as limited ligand specificity, off-target effects, and inconsistent activation of immune responses. This study consolidates the present knowledge of the mechanical, thermal, and sonochemical processes involved in US tissue interactions, focusing on controlled cavitation, bioheat transfer, and the formation of reactive oxygen species. We investigate novel molecular techniques, such as ultrasound-targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, immunomodulation, and sonodynamic treatment, emphasizing significant preclinical and clinical achievements. The exploration of cross-modality synergies, including magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and nuclear medicine, demonstrates how US might enhance current diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Particular emphasis is centered on the tumor microenvironment, where US may influence immune cell migration, destroy stromal barriers, and augment the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors. In regenerative medicine, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is assessed for its function in mechanotransduction and tissue healing.