فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical global health issue, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) posing significant threats to public health systems worldwide. Recent advances in TB diagnosis, treatment, and molecular markers have facilitated progress in managing the disease. Notably, innovations such as the Xpert MTB/RIF assay have improved rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, while newer treatment regimens, including the use of bedaquiline and delamanid, are improving outcomes for drug-resistant TB patients. In addition, the application of genetic sequencing techniques is advancing the identification of resistance mutations. However, the continued prevalence of drug-resistant strains and co-infection with HIV present ongoing challenges to achieving global TB control goals. Studies have shown that HIV-positive individuals with TB are at higher risk of treatment failure and mortality, further complicating efforts to manage the disease. Saudi Arabia (KSA) has made substantial strides in TB control through its National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP), which has contributed to a steady decline in TB incidence. This program's success is attributed to comprehensive screening, enhanced diagnostic tools, and targeted treatment strategies. However, regional disparities persist, with higher incidence rates observed in Makkah, Riyadh, and Jazan. A demographic shift toward younger populations and an increase in TB cases among immigrants have been identified as emerging trends. This study aims to examine the epidemiological trends of TB in KSA, with a particular focus on the prevalence of drug-resistant strains and the impact of HIV co-infection. In addition, it aims to assess the effectiveness of diagnostic methods and explore the role of molecular markers in identifying resistant strains. A retrospective analysis was conducted on TB cases reported between 2015 and 2019 in KSA. Data were collected on TB incidence, drug resistance patterns, HIV co-infection rates, and demographic factors. The study further analyzed regional disparities and changes in the clinical presentation, including the emergence of unusual symptoms. The study found a gradual decline in TB incidence from 2015 to 2019, meeting World Health Organization (WHO) milestones. Drug resistance, particularly MDR and XDR TB, showed a significant reduction during this period, although HIV co-infection remained stable. Regional disparities were notable, with Makkah, Riyadh, and Jazan reporting higher case concentrations. Furthermore, there was a demographic shift, with an increase in TB cases among younger populations and a rise in native-to-immigrant TB cases. The results suggest that KSA's TB control measures have been effective in reducing TB incidence, including drug-resistant cases. However, HIV co-infection remains a significant public health concern that requires continued attention. Enhanced diagnostic techniques, such as molecular markers, and more targeted interventions in high-risk regions are essential to achieve the goal of a TB-free world by 2035.