CRISPR-Based Diagnostics: A Game-Changer in Precision Pathology
نویسندگان
1 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
2 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
3 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
4 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
5 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
6 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
7 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
8 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
9 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
10 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
11 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
12 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
13 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
14 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
15 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
16 Ministry of Health, Jazan Regional Lab, Saudi Arabia
doi
10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2024.12.4چکیده
Human diseases are categorized into infectious and non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, while non-infectious diseases include genetic disorders, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Early diagnosis is crucial to manage these diseases effectively. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as PCR, face several challenges in point-of-care testing. These include the need for complex thermal cyclers for amplification, which may be cumbersome and not portable. In addition, PCR assays often require specific reagents, skilled technicians, and a controlled laboratory environment to prevent contamination and ensure accurate results. The setup time and cost associated with these methods can also be prohibitive for settings with limited resources, such as remote or rural clinics. The advent of CRISPR-based diagnostics offers a promising solution to these limitations due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and rapid detection capabilities. Unlike PCR, CRISPR diagnostics do not necessarily require complex thermal cycling and can often be performed at room temperature, which makes them highly adaptable for resource-limited settings. Additionally, CRISPR-based methods leverage the precision of the Cas proteins to target specific genetic sequences, ensuring high sensitivity and specificity. Technologies like SHERLOCK and DETECTR enable accurate detection of nucleic acids with minimal sample preparation, facilitating faster, easier, and more accessible testing. This review examines the advancements in CRISPR-based diagnostic tools, focusing on the CRISPR/Cas system’s applications in detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal infections, cancers, and genetic disorders. The study analyzes CRISPR/Cas systems, specifically Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13, and their role in molecular diagnostics. Various detection methods using these systems are discussed, including CRISPR-based mutation profiling, point-of-care applications, and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Furthermore, the review explores the challenges of multiplexed and preamplification-free disease tests. CRISPR-based diagnostics offer increased sensitivity, specificity, and speed over traditional methods, enabling precise detection of nucleic acids and protein biomarkers. The ability to perform in resource-limited settings makes CRISPR-based diagnostics an ideal solution for point-of-care testing. CRISPR/Cas-based diagnostics represent a transformative technology in precision pathology. The system’s versatility and efficiency make it a valuable tool for detecting a wide range of diseases, improving early diagnosis, and enabling rapid, on-site testing. Further advancements in CRISPR-based diagnostics will enhance healthcare accessibility and outcomes.
