Tuberculosis: A Multidrug Resistance-Epidemiology, Molecular Markers, Health Impacts, and Saudi Prevalence
نویسندگان
1 Ministry of Health, Alsulayyil General Hospital, Empowered By Riyadh First Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia
2 Ministry of Health PHC DYHMAH, Saudi Arabia
3 Ministry of Health, Al-Aqiq General Hospital, Saudi Arabia
4 Ministry of Health, Mental Health Hospital, Saudi Arabia
5 Ministry of Health, Riyadh Third Health Cluster Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
6 Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia
7 Ministry of Health, King Abdullah Airport Health Monitoring Center, Saudi Arabia
8 Ministry of Health, Al Badawi Primary Health Care Centre Samta Sector Jizan Region, Saudi Arabia
9 Ministry of Health, Hafar Al-Batin Health Cluster, King Khaled Hospital, Saudi Arabia
10 Ministry of Health, King Abdullah Airport Health Monitoring Center, Saudi Arabia
11 Ministry of Health, King Abdullah Airport Health Monitoring Center, Saudi Arabia
12 Ministry of Health, Ministry Of Health PHC Alsehe, Saudi Arabia
13 Ministry of Health, Public Health at the Ministry's Branch in Jizan, Saudi Arabia
14 Ministry of Health, Sager First Health Centre Epidemios, Saudi Arabia
15 Ministry of Health, Al Njamiah Primary Health Care Centre Samta Sector Jizan Region, Saudi Arabia
16 Ministry of Health, Abu Arish North Health Center, Saudi Arabia
doi
10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2024.11.15چکیده
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical global health issue, particularly with the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and its threat to both public health and healthcare systems. Advances in TB diagnosis, treatment, and molecular markers have facilitated progress in the TB management. However, the prevalence of drug-resistant strains and co-infection with HIV has continued to complicate efforts to achieve global TB control goals. Saudi Arabia (KSA) has made substantial strides in TB control through the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP). The study aims to examine the epidemiological trends of TB, including drug-resistant strains, and the impact of HIV coinfection in KSA. It also aims to analyze the effectiveness of diagnostic methods and the role of molecular markers in identifying resistant strains. A retrospective analysis was conducted on TB cases reported from 2015 to 2019 in KSA. Data were collected on TB incidence, drug resistance, HIV co-infection rates, and demographic patterns. The study also analyzed regional disparities and changes in clinical presentation, including the prevalence of unusual symptoms. The study observed a gradual decline in TB incidence from 2015 to 2019, meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) milestones. Drug resistance, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, showed a significant reduction during this period. HIV co-infection remained constant, with no major fluctuations. Regional disparities were notable, with a concentration of cases in Makkah, Riyadh, and Jazan. A demographic shift toward younger populations and a rise in native-to-immigrant TB cases were also identified. The results indicate that KSA’s TB control measures have been effective in reducing TB incidence, including drug-resistant cases. However, HIV co-infection remains a public health concern. Continued vigilance enhanced diagnostic techniques, and more targeted interventions in high-risk regions are essential to achieve the goal of a TB-free world by 2035.
