A Review of Historical Nanoscience, Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: The Art of Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications in Wastewater
نویسندگان
1 Oil Exploration Company, Ministry of Oil – Iraq, Port Said St., Baghdad, Iraq
2 College of Oil and Gas Engineering, University of Technology – Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
3 Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa, Oman
doi
10.22090/jwent.2026.01.09چکیده
Nanotechnology can be employed to address global water pollution. This review examines low-dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D) nanomaterials, focusing on their characteristics, production techniques, including green synthesis, and applications in wastewater treatment. It elaborates on the pollutant removal mechanisms through adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane filtration, and antimicrobial activity. Graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes have obtained removal efficiencies over 95% for heavy metals (Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺), whereas TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles have attained over 90% degradation of organic pigments. It also assesses the industrial applications of Fe₃O₄ and CuO nanoparticles in electroplating and the remediation of textile wastewater. Nanosensors for the real-time assessment of water quality. The challenges concerning toxicity, expense, scalability, and regulatory frameworks of nanomaterials are examined. This review integrates fundamental nanoscience with environmental engineering applications by combining historical context, current implementations, and future possibilities relevant to nanoscience. Future projects should prioritize hybrid nanomaterials, interdisciplinary collaboration, and pilot-scale procedures. This paper serves as a valuable reference for researchers and policymakers regarding sustainable solutions in environmental nanotechnology.
