Organometallic Nanoconjugates for Biomedical Imaging and Theranostics: A Molecular Engineering Perspective
نویسندگان
1 School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Turari Campus, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Delhi Road Moradabad-24400, India
3 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad 244001, India
4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117, India
5 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, VELS Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117, India
6 Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, VELS Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai - 600 117, India
7 Department of Pharmaceutics, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
8 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS). PV Vaithiyalingam Rd, Velan Nagar, Krishna Puram, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, Tamil Nadu, India
doi
10.48309/jaoc.2026.541288.1325چکیده
Organometallic nanoconjugates represent a transformative class of nanoscale systems uniquely positioned at the interfaces of chemistry, biology, and nanomedicine. This review provides a comprehensive molecular engineering perspective on the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of organometallic nanoconjugates for imaging and theranostics. These hybrid constructs, which integrate organometallic cores such as gold, ruthenium, platinum, and iron with biocompatible ligands and targeting moieties, offer tunable physicochemical properties, enabling precise control over biodistribution, cellular uptake, and stimuli-responsive behaviour. The advanced engineering approaches are examined, including ligand architecture, surface functionalization, and bioconjugation techniques to enhance specificity and multifunctionality. The utility of these nanoconjugates is further explored across diverse imaging modalities, such as fluorescence, photoacoustic, MRI, CT, and PET/SPECT, emphasizing their potential for multimodal diagnostics. On the therapeutic front, applications span photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, gene delivery, and immune modulation, highlighting their versatility in combating complex diseases, such as cancer and infections. A dedicated section addresses theranostic integration, in which diagnostics and therapy are unified within a single platform for real-time monitoring and personalized treatment. Finally, future directions involving smart nanoconjugates, AI-guided design, and biosensing-enabled feedback systems are discussed, underscoring the potential of organometallic nanoconjugates in next-generation precision medicine.
