Sperm Retrieval in Non-Azoospermic Patients with Intact Ejaculation: A Narrative Review
نویسندگان
1 Department of Andrology and Embryology, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
2 Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
5 Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
doi
10.22074/ijfs.2025.2040424.1755چکیده
Although existing research on sperm retrieval predominantly focuses on azoospermic patients, assisted reproductive technology(ART) candidates without azoospermia may still face challenges during oocyte retrieval. Notably, approximately10% of men with normal sexual function undergoing routine ART insemination experience transient ejaculatory failureduring the ART cycle. This failure results in unsuccessful sperm retrieval, thereby disrupting standard treatment protocols.In this narrative review we strive to evaluate the efficacy of sperm retrieval combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injectionin managing patients with intact ejaculation and difficulties in semen retrieval. In non‑azoospermic ART candidates, timelysperm retrieval and structured management of transient ejaculatory failure or semen collection difficulties are essential tooptimize intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes and should be incorporated into standardized protocols.
