The impact of smoking on the risk, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of collagen vascular diseases: A comprehensive review
نویسندگان
1 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
3 Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
4 Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
5 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
6 Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
7 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
doi
10.32592/rr.2025.10.3.152چکیده
Collagen vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of autoimmune disorders in which the immune system attacks connective tissue throughout the body, leading to multi-organ involvement. Cigarette smoke contains high concentrations of various toxic elements that can affect the innate and adaptive immune systems, causing immune responses to self-antigens or immune system suppression, thus having a dual function on immune system. In this review we considered the available evidence on the association between smoking and the risk, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of CVDs and the effect of smoking cessation on these parameters. In conclusion despite clear evidence of an increased risk of a number of CVDs including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is strong evidence that smokers have a lower risk of primary Sjögren''s syndrome (pSS). Furthermore, current evidence does not support a role for smoking in the incidence of systemic sclerosis (SSc), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), palindromic rheumatism (PR) and adult onset still disease (AOSD). Despite this, smoking change the clinical picture and outcomes of RA, SLE, pSS, SSc, IIM, PR and AOSD.
