Sustainable Extraction and Purification of Phytochemicals: A Review of Green Solvents and Techniques
نویسندگان
1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
2 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
4 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai - 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
5 Department of Pharmaceutics, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), PV Vaithiyalingam Rd, Velan Nagar, Krishna puram, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, Tamil Nadu, India
6 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai - 600 117, India
7 School of Pharmacy, Vishwakarma University, Betal Nagar, Kondhwa, Pune, Maharashtra 411048, India
8 Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
doi
10.48309/chemm.2025.504050.1892چکیده
The importance of phytochemicals in medicine, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics has recently drawn considerable attention toward their sustainable extraction and purification. This review presents the progress in green solvents and methodologies underlined by the drawbacks associated with conventional methods. Phytochemicals are bioactive substances derived from plants that are important for medicinal and commercial purposes. However, most classical methods of extraction and purification involve hazardous solvents and energy-intensive operations, raising environmental and safety concerns. Green solvents, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and bio-based solvents, offer environmentally friendly alternatives with high efficiency and low toxicity. These include Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE), all of which are advanced green extraction methodologies. These methods afford higher extraction yields while simultaneously reducing the energy consumption and waste generation. Sophisticated purification strategies, including chromatographic techniques, membrane-based purification, and adsorption-desorption procedures, were evaluated for their compatibility with eco-friendly extraction processes. A comparison of the various techniques shows their efficacy, cost, and environmental friendliness. The discussion covers future perspectives, which pinpoint that the development of green solvent formulations, integration of extraction and purification systems, and overcoming of regulatory and scalability challenges are highly needed. This study will be able presents a comprehensive review of sustainable methodologies for the extraction and purification of phytochemicals, which would further help in devising greener, safer, and more efficient approaches in natural product research.
