Chemical modulation of solid–liquid interfacial films: New insights into formation, stability, and performance
نویسندگان
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Delhi Road, Moradabad, India.
2 Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
3 Department of Regulatory Affairs, Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., 2 Esterbrook Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ, P. O. Box: 08003, United States.
4 Department of Pharmacology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), PV Vaithiyalingam Rd, Velan Nagar, Krishnapuram, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
5 Department of Regulatory Affairs, Ricon Pharma LLC, 100 Ford Rd, Suite, Denville, New Jersey, P. O. Box: 07834, United States.
6 Amneal Pharmaceuticals, 50 Horseblock Road, Brookhaven, New York, P. O. Box: 11719, United States.
7 Department of Chemistry, Raffles University, Neemrana, Alwar, Rajasthan, P. O. Box: 301705, India.
8 PLS Analytical, 40 Cotters Ln, East Brunswick, New Jersey, P. O. Box: 08816, United States.
doi
10.22034/crl.2026.578642.1801چکیده
The solid–liquid interface plays a crucial role in determining the physicochemical behavior of both natural and engineered systems, influencing processes such as lubrication, corrosion resistance, catalysis, energy storage, and biomedical interactions. Interfacial films are formed through complex molecular interactions governed by surface chemistry and environmental conditions, thereby controlling macroscopic performance. Recent advances in chemical modulation strategies have enabled precise control over the structure and functionality of these films through approaches such as surface functionalization, molecular adsorption, and development of stimuli-responsive systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying interfacial film formation, including adsorption, self-assembly, and film growth dynamics, along with the key thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Emphasis is placed on both covalent and non-covalent modification strategies, including pH-, ionic strength-, and redox-responsive systems, which provide tunable and adaptive interfacial behaviors. The stability of the interfacial films was critically examined in terms of mechanical integrity, chemical resistance, and long-term durability under varying environmental conditions. Advanced characterization techniques and computational modelling approaches are discussed for their ability to provide molecular-level insights into the structure–property relationships. Furthermore, the functional implications of chemically modulated interfacial films have been explored across a wide range of applications, including tribology, corrosion protection, electrochemical systems, biomedical devices, and industrial processes. Finally, emerging trends, current challenges, and future research directions are highlighted, focusing on the development of adaptive, durable, and high-performance interfacial systems.
