فهرست نشریات علمی دسترسی آزاد ایران

The effect of nonlinear ion concentration distribution and electric potential gradient on the induced biaxial moments in ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuators is investigated. To accurately model the bending behavior, a combined approach is employed, integrating the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the principle of minimum potential energy, and a nonlinear field- and time-dependent mechanical property model. In this framework, the ion concentration distribution is assumed to be nonlinear along both longitudinal and transverse directions. The coupled electro-ionic interactions are analyzed using the Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations. Numerical results demonstrate that adopting a nonlinear ion distribution leads to nearly equal induced electrical moments in both directions at the mid-plane, significantly reducing biaxial bending and yielding a more balanced deformation profile. This approach yields a 95% reduction in transverse moment compared to the linear model, underscoring the superior effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear method in mitigating undesirable biaxial bending in IPMC actuators.